Iowa Senate Bill Would Require State Supreme Court Supermajority to Find Laws Unconstitutional

The Des Moines Register reports:

The Iowa Senate narrowly approved a controversial bill Tuesday that says no state law can be held unconstitutional by an Iowa court without the concurrence of at least five justices of the seven-member Iowa Supreme Court. 

Senate File 2282 was approved on a 26-24 vote, sending it to the Iowa House, where it faces an uncertain future. All the votes in favor were cast by Republicans, while the opposing votes came from 20 Democrats, one independent and three Republicans.

Here's the text of the bill:

Pursuant to the provisions of Article V, section 4 of the Constitution of the State of Iowa, the general assembly declares that no statute shall be held unconstitutional by a court of this state except by the concurrence of at least five justices of the supreme court of Iowa.

The Iowa Supreme Court is made up of seven justices, meaning that this bill would require a supermajority of justices to hold that a state law is unconstitutional. Additionally, the bill applies to statutes being held unconstitutional by "a court of this state," meaning that a statute cannot be deemed unconstitutional unless it is ultimately appealed to the Iowa Supreme Court where at least five justices agree that the law is unconstitutional.

This structure of the bill makes some sense, as it avoids the scenario where the Iowa Court of Appeals holds that a law is unconstitutional, and then becomes precedent because it is not appealed to the State Supreme Court. At the same time, the bill would have a strange effect on the status of Court of Appeals' opinions that are not taken up by the State Supreme Court -- as opinions finding state laws unconstitutional that are not reviewed by the Supreme Court would appear to run afoul of the law and therefore be invalid.

Democrats in the Republican-controlled state senate have spoken out against the law, arguing that it seizes power away from the Supreme Court. Republicans agree -- arguing that the courts should not have the power to overturn laws without this additional requirement. For some truly dense commentary, look no further than Senator Jason Schultz:

Sen. Jason Schultz, R-Schleswig, thanked [Senator Julian] Garrett for advancing the bill, saying it's a measure needed in this day and age. 

"Ladies and gentleman, this bill acknowledges that the Constitution is a contract; that the words do not change. What this bill does is say that we are not going to simply have a popularity contest on the constitutionality of a law," Schultz said.

While it isn't really related to the substantive issues, I'm going to break down Schultz's comment, as it demonstrates a stunning failure to grasp what the Senate is doing and how the the Court works. First, Schultz's assertion that the Constitution is a contract is not correct, as the Constitution is a set of rules that govern the basic functions of state government, and also sets forth individual rights that may be used to strike down laws. It's a set of rules that was enacted by popular vote -- not a contract.  Second, even if the Constitution is a contract, it's unclear how the law acknowledges this. Third, the words of the Constitution do change -- the Constitution can be amended.  Fourth, the bill does effectively say there will be a popularity contest on the constitutionality of law in that five, rather than four, justices can still hold a law unconstitutional. The law just has to be "more unpopular" if we are to adopt Schultz's misleading phrasing.

While I don't approve of the law, as it raises some unpleasant memories of woefully misguided backlash against the Court back in 2010, I don't agree with Democratic lawmakers who claim that the bill is unconstitutional. From the Register:

Sen. Matt McCoy, D-Des Moines, said he was troubled by the partisanship that had appeared to develop over the bill, as well as what he described as "the contempt that this Legislature has towards the courts." 

"I have news for you," McCoy said. "This is not going to be constitutional, and Iowans are going to be angry again at this effort to bring partisanship into this process. Make no mistake about it: This is about partisan politics. When the Legislature doesn't get its way, it punishes the courts."

While the bill certainly has an impact on the separation of powers, and while it certainly appears to be a partisan ploy, McCoy is not correct to imply that the bill violates the Iowa Constitution. Article V, Section Four of the Iowa Constitution states that the Iowa Supreme Court shall "constitute a court for the correction of errors at law, under such restrictions as the general assembly may, by law, prescribe." (emphasis added). This section indicates that the general assembly can place restrictions on the court's jurisdiction. This constitutional grant of power to the legislature is reaffirmed by Article V, Section 14, which states that the general assembly has the duty to "provide for a general system of practice in all the courts of this state," meaning that the legislature is charged with making court rules and enacting procedures.

Senate File 2282 would place a limit on the Iowa Supreme Court's ability to hold laws unconstitutional. It is a clear attempt by the legislature (which is now entirely controlled by Republicans) to limit the power of the Court. This attempt smacks of partisan politics, as Iowa conservatives likely still see the Court as a liberal institution following its 2009 decision in Varnum v. Brien striking down the state's law restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples. It's unfortunate to see such partisan fiddling with the mechanics of the legal system and I hope (though I am not optimistic) that the bill will fail in the Iowa House.

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